The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle in Quantum Mechanics

The uncertainty principle is the Quantum Mechanical principle that there is a limit to the accuracy of simultaneous measurement of physical quantities like momentum and position.

The uncertainty principle was published by Werner Heisenberg in 1927 and is based on the fact that the light needed to observe a subatomic particle will disturb it making measurements uncertain though it goes beyond that. Planck's constant is too small for the uncertainty principle to show up in the macroscopic world but it is significant in the subatomic world.

So the more accurately you measures a particle's position the less accurately that you can measure its momentum and vice versa. This is not the case just because the act of measurement disturbs the system; which it only does sometimes; it is related to Wave-particle duality. The same applies to other quantities as well such as energy and time.

A recent development in the debate between determinism and freewill is the idea that the uncertainty principle is a possible avenue for allowing for freewill in neurology. This based on evidence of quantum, mechanical processes like tunneling being involved in synapse activity.

The uncertainty principle shows that that there are limits to our ability to make measurements of the subatomic world. It shows that there are limits to our possible knowledge about the universe.  

Newton's first Law of Motion an important law of Physics

Newton's 1st Law of Motion states that a body will remain in motion or remain at rest unless it is acted on by an out side force. This law is also known as the law of inertia because inertia is the resistance to changes in motion. Newton's first Law shows that an object continues to move without changes in its motion until a force is imparted on it.

Every movement we make uses of Newton's 1st Law. Without the fist law of motion controlling motion is probably not even be possible. All possible methods of controlling motion depend on the first law. The 1st law of motion shows that motion remains the same without an outside force. We use it in every move we make.

The Scientific Use of Dimensions as Directions

Directions that are mutually perpendicular to each other are called dimensions. The common depiction of individual dimensions on a graph is as an axis lines that show the direction of that particular dimension.

Building dimensions begins ar a point which has of zero dimensions. A point can be expanded into one dimension forming a line of two dimensions. A lined can then be expanded into two dimensions so as to form a plane. Finally the plain can be expanded into three dimensions forming a space of three dimensions.. This process can be continued with out end. Theoretically there is no limit to the number of dimensions. In spite of our existence has only three spacial dimensions any number of dimensions is theoretically possible.

In physics dimensions have been classically used to refer to space however Spacial Relativity added time as a dimension. Cosmological Relativity adds cosmic expansion velocity as a dimension. String theory uses from 10 - 26 dimensions and its child M theory uses 11 dimensions. Mathematically there in no limit to the number of possible dimensions from zero to infinite dimensions. In fact N^th dimensional modeling is useful for dealing with any set of properties as if they were physical dimensions.

While dimensions are primarily used to describe space and time though some physical theories use more than three spacial dimensions specifically string theory. They can also be used to model the distribution of non spacial properties.

Space Its More than the Final Frontier

The three dimensional extent in which objects and events occur with a relative position to other objects and events is called space. In a more general sense space can refer to an nth dimensional hyper-volume. The notion of higher dimensions has gained more acceptability in physics with M-Theory. This opens the door to possibilities such as the supernatural that are usually considered out side the realm of science.

Often illustrated by 3 lines representing the three dimensions of space are the lines of  the axis of a 3d graph. In 3d space you can move in 3 directions forwards and backwards; up and down and left to right. General Relativity depicts space and time as a fabric that can be warped, bent, twisted, stretched and contracted. Quantum Mechanics describes subatomic particles coming and going even in a vacuum. Space is not empty, it is not nothing. Yes I am well aware that  this is a double negative however empty space is normally thought of as nothing but it is something.

Basic SI unit – meter (m) which is the distance traveled by light in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second. The most common methods of measuring space are rulers but odometers are another common way of measuring distance and there by space. Other methods include bouncing light, radio waves, or sound off of an object using the return time to measure distance. These include radar and sonar. Parallax uses geometry to measure distance it is used in Astronomy and land surveying.

Distance and position must be measured according to some standard. The standard has to be a chosen point in space. The point is selected by ether convenience or convention with out such a starting point determining distance and position is impossible..

Space is one of the three main parts of the Universe space, time and mass. Relativity shows them to be inter-related with space and time are so interrelated that they form a single entity.  Intern mass warps space-time forming gravity and motion of mass contracts both space and time. Based on common experience space is basically where you are. You are at a particular point in space relative to other objects. Physics however has shown it to be a lot more. It is a fundamental part of the universe.

Now It’sTime for Physics.

The observed sequences of events is called time. In physics it is seen as a 4th dimension

Time‘s basic SI unit for is the second. Its duration is defined as a 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation of the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium133 atom. It was originally defined based on a day. The week is the only time unit not based on an astronomical period being based on the Jewish Sabbath cycle which is based on the creation week of Genesis 1.  The calendar year is rounded to 365 days with a leap day every 4 years.

According to Special and General Relativity time is a 4^th dimension. It is unique in that we only travel through time one way. (forward).  Time is one of the three main parts of the Universe: space, time and mass. Relativity shows them to be inter-related with space and time are so interrelated that they form a single entity.  Mass warps space-time forming gravity and motion of mass contracts both space and time.

We perceive the rate of time as variable but time is always experienced in the same way. We remember the past, we exist in the present and we look forward to the future. In our common experience time is the sequence of events we experience. Physics has shown that it is to be a lot more. It is a fundamental part of the universe.

Collisions a Physics Hit

Any event in which two or more bodies exert relatively high forces on each other for a short period of time is known as a collision.

Collision where the total kinetic energy of the particles before and after the encounter is the same is called elastic collision.

Collision where  the total kinetic energy of the particles before and after the encounter is not the same is called inelastic collision.

The danger caused by collisions is a result of the sudden high acceleration whic can damage equipment, cause injuries and even kill. It can cause damage from the deformation of object. It can cause colliding objects to shatter and fly apart at high speeds.

On the other hand collisions can hammer nails. They are used in sports such as pool, golf, and baseball. They have also been used to probe the makeup of matter by way of near light speed collisions inside particle accelerators.

In conclusion collisions are sudden interactions that can be elastic or inelastic. They can be dangerous and destructive but yet they can be useful.

Looking at Astronomy.

The science that studied celestial objects and phenomena originating outside the Earth's atmosphere is called Astronomy.

Astronomy’s main activity is the observation of celestial objects measuring their properties such a mss, diameter, brightness and composition. Observations are usually made by way of some form of telescope. The types of telescopes used include visible light, radio, inferred, ultraviolet, X – ray, and gamma ray telescopes.

The telescope has produced a quantum leap in astronomy allowing observations beyond the rage of the unaided eye. Since its introduction developments in telescope technology have opened up many new ways of looking at the Universe. Professional astronomy has often come to be seen as equivalent to astrophysics

The twentieth century produced a division of astronomy into two main fields. Observational Astronomy is the acquiring of data from observations and analyzing that data using physics. Theoretical Astronomy is the development of computer models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena.

Today Observational and Theoretical Astronomy complement each other. The theoretical Seeks to explain observations and observations used to test the theoretical. Amateur astronomers have also contributed to many important astronomical discoveries making astronomy one of the few sciences that amateurs can still play an active role.